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It’s yet to be shown clearly why that’s good for the driver. The inverter converts alternating current to direct current when charging the vehicle and back the other way when sending power into the grid. It’s been 25 years since University of Delaware energy and environmental expert Willett Kempton and Green Mountain College energy economist Steve Letendre outlined what they saw as a “dawning interaction between electric-drive vehicles and the electric supply system.” This duo, alongside Timothy Lipman of the University of California, Berkeley, and Alec Brooks of AC Propulsion, laid the foundation for vehicle-to-grid power. So it’s a good moment to consider where vehicle-to-grid concepts first emerged and to see in Utrecht how far they’ve come. “We want to predict where we need to build the next electric charging station.” And part of the change involves extending the city’s EV-charging network. “We wanted to change,” says Eelco Eerenberg, one of Utrecht's deputy mayors and alderman for development, education, and public health. This initiative is taking place in an environment where everyday citizens want to travel without causing emissions and are increasingly aware of the value of renewables and energy security. Utrecht, a largely bicycle-propelled city of 350,000 just south of Amsterdam, has become a proving ground for the bidirectional-charging techniques that have the rapt interest of automakers, engineers, city managers, and power utilities the world over. This moderation is indeed a welcome shift, because the nutritional benefits of meat are not predicated on consuming it in large amounts. This small decline does constitute a trend, having to do with the avoidance of fatty red meat by many younger consumers, higher intakes of seafood, and the conversion of very small numbers of people to largely vegetarian (if not entirely vegan) diets. Not surprisingly, meat consumption has changed little in highly carnivorous countries, including Canada, Italy, and the United Kingdom, and it has declined a bit in Denmark, France, and Germany. But in most of the world’s populous countries per capita meat supply has increased spectacularly during the past 50 years: In Pakistan it has doubled (still only to 16 kg) in Turkey and the Philippines, the rate has more than doubled (in both countries to nearly 40 kg) it has tripled in Egypt (to about 30 kg) Brazil’s supply has more than tripled, to 100 kg and in China it rose more than sevenfold, from only about 9 to just over 60 kg. In 2020, average supply rates in India and Bangladesh were still below 5 kg of carcass weight per year, per capita-a bit less than in Ethiopia. Of all the populous nations, only Bangladesh, India, Ethiopia, and Nigeria continue to eat very little meat. There have been many variations, arising from differences in religion, incomes, and shifting tastes. Since 1970, there has been a 55 percent increase in worldwide average per capita meat consumption. This was as you would expect, because as people get richer they can buy more of the food they really want. Even after accounting for the intervening population growth, per capita meat consumption rose by 55 percent during the 50 years.

The world’s production of meat and poultry reached about 100 million tonnes in 1970, 233 million tonnes in 2000, and 325 million tonnes in 2020. Half a century is surely plenty of time to discern a trend, and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization has the relevant data.

Are we in fact seeing a revolutionary change in behavior? We are told that “much of the world is trending towards plant-based eating,” and it is expected that the global demand for that diet will nearly quintuple between 20. It is well to keep this biological fact in mind when considering outlandish claims about the imminent victory of veganism. Chimpanzees, the primates that are genetically the closest to us, deliberately hunt, kill, and eat small monkeys, wild pigs, and tortoises, annually consuming 4 to 12 kilograms of meat per capita for the entire population and up to 25 kg per adult male that is more than in many preindustrial farming societies. Natural selection has formed us to eat both plant and animal foods and to like doing so. “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution,” the eminent geneticist Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote in 1973.

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